Difference between revisions of "Saint-Domingue"

Revision as of 20:17, 18 April 2006

[http://abouthongkong.asexblogs.com] [www.billionaire-blogs.com/abouthongkong] [cancerblog.com.au/abouthongkong]The Mosque at Hua Jue Lane is the largest in Xi’an, and at the same time, it is also one of the earliest built on a comparatively large scale, and well preserved mosques in China.

　　According to “the Stele on the Building of the Mosque”, the mosque is said to be built in the Tang Dynasty. However, the architectural style of the mosque suggests a possible building dating back to the Ming Dynasty. The four courtyards of the mosque cover an area of more than 12,000 square meters, out of which about 4,000 are occupied by various structures. The still intact wooden front memorial gateway of the front yard, built at the turn of the 17th century, with glazed tiles on the top, spectacular corners and upturned eaves, is about 9 metres high, and has a history of about 360 years. The stone memorial gateway in the center of the second courtyard is flanked with a tail stele on either side with dragons carved on each, recording the repair work ever since the building of the Mosque. On the back of one of the steles are engraved characters by the master calligrapher Mi Fu, “May Buddhism Fill the Universe”, on the other, “Royal -Bestowed”by Dong Qichang, another master of the same art of the Ming dynasty. They are treasures in Chinese calligraphy. At the entrance of the third courtyard is an imperial built hall, where a “month tablet”, showing the calculation of the Hui Calendars in Arabic, is stored. It was compiled by a man in charge of the mosque called Xiao Mining in the early period of the Qing dynasty. A three –storeyed octagonal wooden structure called “Retrospection Tower”also stands in the center of the courtyard, which has the same function as the minaret in Islamic temples in Arabic countries, and which is a place from where orders were sent to call the Moslems to come to worship. Respectively, on the south and north wings of the tower, are a reception chamber and a Scripture Chamber, both elegantly laid out. The five wooden houses, which are called “Water Houses”in the southwest section of the Mosque are the place where the believers bathe themselves before they attend their services. And in side the fourth courtyard there is a structure called “the Pavilion of Phoenix”, a place where the worshipers used to wait for the services. The Pavilion, in fact, is a compound structure of three small buildings. The six-gabled structure of the central part, adjoining the two three-gabled buildings on each side looks very much like a flying phoenix, and hence its name. Just at the back of the Pavilion, there is a fishpond, beyond which is a platform occupying an area as large as 700 m2. Across both ends of the platform stands the 1,300 square metered service hall, holding over a thousand worshipers at once. There are over six hundred sunk panels well as the sunk panels, are decorated with patterns of painted trailing plants and Arabic letterings. The imam leads his group of worshipers, while facing in the direction of Mecca, to chant in Koran and to pay their religious homage.

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-[[image:colonial_haiti_outline_map.gif|right|thumb|280px|Map showing Saint-Domingue boundaries.]]'''Saint-Domingue''' (also called ''La Perle des Antilles'' in French; Engl.: ''The Pearl of the [[Antilles]]''; [[Kreyòl]]: ''Sen Domeng'') is the name given to the French colonial portion of [[Hispaniola]] <small>{{fn|1}}</small>  prior to [[1804]]. Saint-Domingue, an island in the [[Caribbean Sea]], was a French colony from [[1697]] to [[1804]] and is today the independent nation of Haiti.
+[[http://abouthongkong.asexblogs.com/ http://abouthongkong.asexblogs.com]]
+[[http://www.billionaire-blogs.com/abouthongkong/ www.billionaire-blogs.com/abouthongkong]]
+[[http://cancerblog.com.au/abouthongkong/ cancerblog.com.au/abouthongkong]]The Mosque at Hua Jue Lane is the largest in Xi’an, and at the same time, it is also one of the earliest built on a comparatively large scale, and well preserved mosques in China.
-'''Note:''' For Saint-Domingue <u>after</u> the Haitian Revolution, see the entry: '''[[Haiti]]'''.
+　　According to “the Stele on the Building of the Mosque”, the mosque is said to be built in the Tang Dynasty. However, the architectural style of the mosque suggests a possible building dating back to the Ming Dynasty. The four courtyards of the mosque cover an area of more than 12,000 square meters, out of which about 4,000 are occupied by various structures. The still intact wooden front memorial gateway of the front yard, built at the turn of the 17th century, with glazed tiles on the top, spectacular corners and upturned eaves, is about 9 metres high, and has a history of about 360 years. The stone memorial gateway in the center of the second courtyard is flanked with a tail stele on either side with dragons carved on each, recording the repair work ever since the building of the Mosque. On the back of one of the steles are engraved characters by the master calligrapher Mi Fu, “May Buddhism Fill the Universe”, on the other, “Royal -Bestowed”by Dong Qichang, another master of the same art of the Ming dynasty. They are treasures in Chinese calligraphy. At the entrance of the third courtyard is an imperial built hall, where a “month tablet”, showing the calculation of the Hui Calendars in Arabic, is stored. It was compiled by a man in charge of the mosque called Xiao Mining in the early period of the Qing dynasty. A three –storeyed octagonal wooden structure called “Retrospection Tower”also stands in the center of the courtyard, which has the same function as the minaret in Islamic temples in Arabic countries, and which is a place from where orders were sent to call the Moslems to come to worship. Respectively, on the south and north wings of the tower, are a reception chamber and a Scripture Chamber, both elegantly laid out. The five wooden houses, which are called “Water Houses”in the southwest section of the Mosque are the place where the believers bathe themselves before they attend their services. And in side the fourth courtyard there is a structure called “the Pavilion of Phoenix”, a place where the worshipers used to wait for the services. The Pavilion, in fact, is a compound structure of three small buildings. The six-gabled structure of the central part, adjoining the two three-gabled buildings on each side looks very much like a flying phoenix, and hence its name. Just at the back of the Pavilion, there is a fishpond, beyond which is a platform occupying an area as large as 700 m2. Across both ends of the platform stands the 1,300 square metered service hall, holding over a thousand worshipers at once. There are over six hundred sunk panels well as the sunk panels, are decorated with patterns of painted trailing plants and Arabic letterings. The imam leads his group of worshipers, while facing in the direction of Mecca, to chant in Koran and to pay their religious homage.
-===Variants of the Name Saint-Domingue===
-Among its spelling variations in various reference works are ''St. Domingue'', ''San-Domingue'', ''Santo Domingo'', ''San Domingo'', ''St. Doming'' and ''St. Domingo''. After the Haitian Revolution, upon declaring independence on [[January 1]], [[1804]], the former French colony was renamed [[Haïti]] (or ''Hayti'' in the 19th century) and ''Ayiti'' in [[Kreyòl]], the name originally used by the natives of the island. Saint-Domingue sometimes refers to the whole island of [[Hispaniola]].<br>
-In the past U.S. and British authors often referred to Saint-Domingue as ''St. Doming'' or ''San Domingo'', which may then be confused which what is today the [[Dominican Republic]]; the Dominican Republic is to this day referred to as Saint-Domingue in French.
-===Economy of Saint-Domingue===
+[[http://www.blogfreely.com/abouthongkong/ www.blogfreely.com/abouthongkong]]
-[[image:indigoterie.jpg|right|thumb|280px|Indigoterie in Saint-Domingue.]]The economy of Saint-Domingue in the period leading up to the Haitian Revolution, was entirely based on [[slavery]].
+[[http://blogcharm.com/huanger/ blogcharm.com/huanger]]
+[[http://blog.myaliyah.com/?u=abouthongkong http://blog.myaliyah.com/?u=abouthongkong]]
-By the late eighteenth century, Saint-Domingue had thousands of profitable plantations: 800 produced sugar; 3,000, coffee; 800, cotton; and nearly 3,000, indigo. Haiti became France's most lucrative overseas possession. (A Country Study: Haiti)
+[[http://www.blogstuff.co.uk/?u=abouthongkong http://www.blogstuff.co.uk/?u=abouthongkong]]
+[[http://film4vn.net/blog/?w=lieey http://film4vn.net/blog/?w=lieey]]
-In his classic 1776 publication, ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'', economist Adam Smith declared Saint-Domingue "the most important of the sugar colonies of the West Indies." (Smith)
+[[http://abouthongkong.blogslinger.com/ http://abouthongkong.blogslinger.com/]]
+[[http://www.earthtank.com/diewu/ http://www.earthtank.com/diewu/]]
-===Rulers of Saint-Domingue===
+[[http://www.toiyeu.net/nhatky/?w=toiyew http://www.toiyeu.net/nhatky/?w=toiyew]]
-See; '''[[List of Rulers]]'''
+[[http://smeego.com/feier/ http://smeego.com/feier/]]
+[[http://www.vfwmowebcom.org/nicer/ http://www.vfwmowebcom.org/nicer]]
-===Political Divisions of Saint-Domingue===
+[[http://www.freescrapblogs.com/red/ http://www.freescrapblogs.com/red/]]
-====Provinces and Districts of Saint Domingue====
+[[http://www.soccerblogger.co.uk/?w=uowek http://www.soccerblogger.co.uk/?w=uowek]]
-[[image:partie_francaise_saint_domi.gif|rightt|thumb|280px|Map showing the districts and provinces of Saint-Domingue]] "The French colony was divided into three Provinces,--that of the North, that of the West, and that of the South. At the beginning of the [[French Revolution]] of [[1789]], these provinces were transformed into three corresponding Departments. The three Provinces, or Departments, were subdivided into twelve Districts, each bearing the name of its chief city. <br>
+[[http://blog.mogway.com/abouthongkong/ http://www.blog3.com/?u=abouthongkong]]
-The twelve Districts were, --in the '''north''', the [[Cape]], or [[Cap-François]], Fort Dauphin, [[Port-de-Paix]], Môle Saint Nicholas;
+[[http://www.blog3.com/?u=abouthongkong http://www.blog3.com/?u=abouthongkong]]
-<br>in the '''west''', [[Port-au-Prince]], Leogane, Saint Marc, Petit Goave;
+[[http://www.skaffe.com/weblog/abouthongkong/ www.skaffe.com/weblog/abouthongkong]]
-<br>and in the '''south''', Jérémie, Cape Tiburon, [[Cayes]], and St. Louis.
+[[http://www.sovereigngracesingles.com/sgs_blog/?u=abouthongkong www.sovereigngracesingles.com/sgs_blog/?u=abouthongkong]]
-<ol class="numbered" type="I">
+[[http://www.spweblog.com/abouthongkong/ www.sovereigngracesingles.com/sgs_blog/?u=abouthongkong]]
-<li>The District of the '''Cape''' comprised the [[Cape]], La Plaine-du-Nord, just above the Cape, Limonade, between the two; Acul, west of the Cape, and on the coast, Sainte Suzanne; with Morin, [[Grande-Rivière-du-Nord|La Grande Rivière]], Dondon, Marmelade, Limbé, Port Margot, Plaisance, and Borgne,--thirteen parishes. </li>
+[[http://www.slickblogs.com/abouthongkong/ http://www.slickblogs.com/abouthongkong]]
-<li>The District '''Fort Dauphin''', in the east of the Northern Department, comprised Fort Dauphin itself, Ouanaminthe, on the south of it, Vallière, Terrier Rouge, and Trou,--five parishes. </li>
+[[http://weblog.statisticounter.com/abouthongkong/ weblog.statisticounter.com/abouthongkong/]]
-<li>The District of '''Port-de-Paix''' comprised [[Port-de-Paix]], Petit-Saint-Louis, Jean Rabel, and Gros-Morne,--four parishes. </li>
+[[http://www.picturethisblog.com/?u=abouthongkong www.picturethisblog.com/?u=abouthongkong]]
-<li>The District of the '''Môle Saint Nicholas''' comprised Saint Nicholas and Bombarde,--two parishes. There were thus four-and-twenty parishes in the northern department. </li>
+[[http://www.kosova.ch/yourblog/?u=abouthongkong www.kosova.ch/yourblog/?u=abouthongkong]]
-<li>The District '''Port-au-Prince''' comprised [[Port-au-Prince]], Croix-des-Bosquets, on the north, [[Arcahaye]] on the northwest, and Mirebalais on the northeast,--four parishes. </li>
+[[http://rockstart.net/blog/?u=abouthongkong http://rockstart.net/blog/?u=abouthongkong]]
-<li>The District of '''Léogane''' was identical with the parish of the same name. </li>
+[[http://www.stu-c.com/blogs/abouthongkong/ http://www.stu-c.com/blogs/abouthongkong/]]
-<li>The District of '''Saint Marc''' comprised Saint Marc, Petite Rivière, [[Gonaïves]],--three parishes. </li>
+[[http://www.westwoodbapt.org/blog/abouthongkong/ www.westwoodbapt.org/blog/abouthongkong]]
-<li>The District of '''Petit-Goave''' comprised Petit-Goave, Grand Goave, Baynet, Jacmel, and Cayes-Jacmel,--five parishes. Fourteen parishes made up the western province. </li>
+[[http://vfwnjwebcom.org/abouthongkong/ ttp://vfwnjwebcom.org/abouthongkong]]
-<li>The District '''Jérémie''' comprised Jérémie and Cap Dame-Marie,--two parishes. </li>
+[[http://www.stitch-studios.com/weblogs/?u=abouthongkong www.stitch-studios.com/weblogs/?u=abouthongkong]]
-<li>The District of '''Tiburon''' comprised Cape Tiburon and Coteaux,--two parishes. </li>
+[[http://www.tatsulok.com/yuer/ http://www.tatsulok.com/yuer/]]
-<li>The District of '''Cayes''' comprised [[Cayes]] and Torbeck,--two parishes. </li>
+[[http://www.teenblog.org/abouthongkong/ http://www.teenblog.org/abouthongkong]]
-<li>The District of '''Saint Louis''' comprised Saint Louis, Anse-Veau, Fond-Cavaillon, and Acquin,--five parishes. </li>
+[[http://blogs.thesubculture.com/?u=abouthongkong http://blogs.thesubculture.com/?u=abouthongkong]]
-</ol>
+[[http://um.com.my/win/ http://um.com.my/win/]]
+[[http://www.elblog.de/howue/ www.elblog.de/howue]]
-<br>There were eleven parishes in the South." ([[Beard]] p16-17)
+[[http://um.com.my/win/ http://um.com.my/win]]
+[[http://www.sblnet.co.uk/sblogger/abouthongkong/ http://www.sblnet.co.uk/sblogger/abouthongkong/]]
-====Former French ''départements'' in Saint-Domingue====
+[[http://abouthongkong.satublog.com/ abouthongkong.satublog.com]]
-For current Haitian departments see: [http://thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=Haiti#Departments_of_Haiti Departments of Haiti]
+[[http://tornblog.com/abouthongkong/ http://tornblog.com/abouthongkong]]
+[[http://www.weblogone.com/dry/ http://www.weblogone.com/dry]]
-<table class="wikitable">
+[[http://www.pandablogs.com/xiangang http://www.pandablogs.com/xiangan]]
-<tr bgcolor="#FFD700">
+[[http://www.totalvideogames.com/blog/laner http://www.totalvideogames.com/blog/laner]]
-<th>Département
+[[http://we-r-blogs.com/?w=drewer http://we-r-blogs.com/?w=drewer]]
-<th>In existence
+[[http://www.blarbitration.com/lelby/ http://www.blarbitration.com/lelby]]
-</tr>
+[[http://blog.bachhoacung.ws/freey/ http://blog.bachhoacung.ws/freey]]
-<tr><td>Département du Sud <td>([[1795]] - [[1800]])
+[[http://www.fsaalumni.net/blog/?u=abouthongkong www.fsaalumni.net/blog/?u=abouthongkong]]
-<tr><td>Département de l'Inganne <small>{{fn|2}} </small><td>([[1795]] - [[1800]])
+[[http://www.spottersblog.com/tremo/ http://www.spottersblog.com/tremo]]
-<tr><td>Département du Nord <td> ([[1795]] -  [[1800]])
+[[http://www.blogtoowoomba.com/?w=homuy http://www.blogtoowoomba.com/?w=homuy]]
-<tr><td>Département de l'Ouest <td> ([[1795]] - [[1800]])
+[[http://www.mattian.co.uk/liuhcai/ http://www.mattian.co.uk/liuhcai]]
-<tr><td>Département de Samana<small> {{fn|3}} </small> <td> ([[1795]] - [[1800]])
+[[http://www.slpblogs.com/abouthongkong/ www.slpblogs.com/abouthongkong]]
-</table>
+[[http://www.worldblognet.com/abouthongkong/ http://www.worldblognet.com/abouthongkong]]
+[[http://www.love2k.com/weblogs/?u=abouthongkong http://www.love2k.com/weblogs/?u=abouthongkong]]
-===Measurements in Saint-Domingue===
+[[http://abouthongkong.bloggingmax.com/ http://abouthongkong.bloggingmax.com/]]
-Measurements used in the French colony:
+[[http://www.nukeblog.info/?u=abouthongkong]]
+[[http://www.betterbrain.com/blog/?u=abouthongkong http://www.betterbrain.com/blog/?u=abouthongkong]]
-* 1 carreau (square) = 1 hectare (ha), 13 ares (a), 7 centiares (ca)
+[[http://berko.com.au/merry/ http://berko.com.au/merry/]]
-* 1 arpent = 34 a, 18 ca, or approximately 1 acre
+[[http://www.asiannotes.com/art/ http://www.asiannotes.com/art]]
-* 1 lieue (league) = 2000 toise = 3.89 Kilometers (km)
+[[http://www.ym1.com/abouthongkong/ http://www.ym1.com/abouthongkong]]
-* 1 toise (fathom) = 1.949 meters (m), or approximately 1 fathom (6 feet)
-* 1 pied (foot) = 12 pouces = 144 lignes = 0,3248 m, or approximately 1 foot
-* 1 pouce (inch) = 0,027 m
-* 1 ligne (line) = 0,225 cm
-* 1 ell = 1,188 cm
-* 1 livre (pound) de Paris = 0,489 kg or approximately 1 pound
-===Saint-Domingue Troops in 1802===
-[[image:revenge_of_the_black_army.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Revenge by the black troops for cruelty of French soldiers.]] According to Jomini, in his book from the mid 19th century ''Histoire critique et militaire des guerres de la Révolution'', the [[Saint-Domingue]] troops, under the command of [[General Toussaint Louverture]] in [[1802]], were composed as follows:
-'''[[Toussaint-Louverture]]''', Général en Chef<br>
-:Brigade General Agé, Chef d'état major général <br>
-====Division du Nord====
-'''Northern Division''': <br>
-[[Henry Christophe|Général de Brigade Christophe]] (Commandant at [[Le Cap|Cap]]) <br>
-:Brigade Commanders Vernet and Maurepas.
-<ol class="numbered" type="1">
-<li>Second Colonial 1/2 Brigade - 1,200 troops at [[Le Cap|Cap]] and at Limbé </li>
-<li>Fifth Colonial 1/2 Brigade - 1,200 troops at Fort-Dauphin </li>
-<li>Ninth Colonial 1/2 Brigade - 1,200 troops at [[Port-de-Paix|Fort-de-Paix]] [''This Brigade was instrumental in defeating the French in the [[Battle of Vertières]]'']</li>
-<li>Guides des généraux - 300 troops</li>
-<li>Artillery and police - 900 troops</li></ol>
-<u>Total: 4 800 troops</u>
-====Division du Sud et de l'Ouest====
-'''Southern and Western Division''': <br>
-[[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] (Commandant in Saint Marc) <br>
-:Brigade Commanders Belair (Charles) and Laplume
-<ol class="numbered" type="1">
-<li>Third Colonial 1/2 Brigade - 1,200 troops in [[Port au Prince]] </li>
-<li>Thirteenth Colonial 1/2 Brigade - 1,200 troops in Port au Prince </li>
-<li>Fourth Colonial 1/2 brigade - 1,200 troops  in St Marc and in Jérémie </li>
-<li>Seventh Colonial 1/2 Brigade - 1,200 troops at [[Arcahaie|Archahayes]] </li>
-<li>Eighth Colonial 1/2 Brigade - 1,200 troops at [[Aux Cayes|Cayes]] </li>
-<li>Eleventh Colonial 1/2 Brigade - 1,200 troops at Cayes </li>
-<li>Twelfth Colonial 1/2 Brigade - 1,200 troops at Cayes </li>
-<li>European Batallion (bataillon européen) - 250 troops Cayes </li>
-<li>Honor Guard, mounted and foot soldiers (Gardes d'Honneur à pied et à cheval) - 1,800 troops </li>
-<li>Artillery and police - 900 troops<br></li></ol>
-<u>Total 11 650 troops</u>
-====Division de l'Est====
-'''Eastern Division''': <br>
-Clervaux (commandant at Sant Yago)
-:Brigade Commanders Pajot and [[Paul Louverture]]
-<ol class="numbered" type="1">
-<li>First Colonial 1/2 Brigade - 1,200 troops at Samana </li>
-<li>Sixth Colonial 1/2 Brigade - 1 200 troops at Sant Yago </li>
-<li>Tenth Colonial 1/2 Brigade - 1 200 troops at Santo Domingo </li>
-<li>Guides des généraux - 200 troops </li>
-<li>Artillery and police - 400 troops</li></ol>
-<u>Total: 4,200 troops</u><br>
-<u>'''Total combined number of soldiers: 20,650 troops'''</u><br>
-Included in this number were between 700 and 800 whites, the rest of the army was composed from blacks and [[mulattos]]. A battalion of 250 whites...(Jomini, Vol. 4)<br>
-"Dans ce nombre il y avait 7 à 800 blancs, tout le reste de l'armée était composé de mulatres ou de noirs. Un bataillon de 250 blancs était tout ce qui restait de 12 000 soldats envoyés dans la colonie depuis dix ans. Outre cette force soldée, Toussaint pouvait armer tout les cultivateurs noirs."
-{{fnb|1}} A [[Taíno]] name for [[Hispaniola]], still used in the [[Dominican Republic]] and [[Haiti]], is ''Quisqueya'' ([[Kreyòl]]: ''Kiskeya'') meaning: 'the cradle of life'. This name is preferred by many, since Hispaniola is the name given by the colonizers that nearly destroyed the native people and their culture and also established the slavery on the island.
-{{fnb|2}} Comprised of the eastern part of Saint-Domingue, most of what is today the [[Dominican Republic]].
-{{fnb|3}} An area along the current border between [[Haiti]] and the Dominican Republic; on the Dominican side.
-==See also==
-* [[Hispaniola]] - The island on which Haiti is situated.
-* [[Maps]] - Current and historical maps relating to Saint-Domingue and [[Haiti]].
-* [[Timeline of Events in Haitian Revolutionary History]] - for an overview of the history of Saint-Domingue.
-*Lists:
-**[[List of Rulers]]
-*Categories:
-**[[:Category:Governor-Generals]] - French colonial Governor-Generals of Saint-Domingue.
-**[[:Category:Commissioners]] - French colonial commissioners of Saint-Domingue.
-**[[:Category:Places of the Haitian Revolution]] - some of the important locations of Saint-Domingue in their relation to the Haitian Revolution.
-==References==
-* {{Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography}}
-* Jomini, Antoine-Henri. (1842). ''Histoire critique et militaire des guerres de la Révolution''. Brussels.
-* Metz, Helen Chapin (editor). (1990). ''A Country Study: Haiti''. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Library of Congress Call Number [http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2001023524&&CNT=10+records+per+page F1934 .D64 2001] [Accessed on January 30, 2006]  [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html Online publication]. ISBN 0844410446
-* Smith, Adam. (1776) ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations''. Project Gutenberg. [Accessed on January 30, 2006].  [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3300 Online publication].
-* Wikipedia contributors (2006). Département in France. ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.'' Retrieved 00:45, January 19, 2006 [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9partement_in_France&oldid=34886136].
-[[Category:Glossary]]
-[[Category:Places of the Haitian Revolution]]

Difference between revisions of "Saint-Domingue"

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